Key Training Principles

For running…for life!

Key Training Principle: Periodization

You’ve got stoke! You’ve got 10 races on your radar! You’ve got new sneakers! Woot!

Now…

What’s your plan?

Goals, dreams, passion, energy, good looking sneakers, excitement...all key ingredients in creation of performance and success!  But...what is the best recipe?  What are the steps to take, the moves to make and the cues of when to make them?  A training plan is like a recipe for your goals.  Without one, you are left flying by the seat of your pants, with a loaf of bread that didn't rise and wondering where it all went wrong;) Some questions for ya…

• Have you started training for a goal with enthusiasm, only to quickly feel the wheels come off and lose your focus and motivation?

• Are you unsure if you are doing the right training type, amount, intensity and frequency to reach your goal?

• Do you bounce around between ideas and plans, making things up as you go?

• Do you get injured, burnt out or frustrated with lack of results?
  
  These are all very common symptoms of training without a sound plan.  They are also, very easily overcome.  Enter the science of this key Training Principle: Periodization!

As always, take my advice with a grain of salt…be FOCUSED on the goal but FLEXIBLE with the route from A to B… Periodization seems ‘rigid’ at first glance, but really it can be extremely flexible and should be, in fact, dynamic, in order to accommodate for individual needs, life changes, progressions and life in general. Use the science of Periodization with the ART of Coaching and you can make beautiful things happen! Take the following into consideration when planning your season with the ultimate goal of peaking in the best shape possible to rock your most important event (s) of the year, every year.

Training Principle: Periodization

A periodized Annual Training Plan (ATP ) has specific phases, is personalized and follows key training principles.  The goal of an ATP is to maximize performance in time for peak events and allow the body to adapt most efficiently. 

3 main phases or Macrocycles:

• Preparatory (3-6 mos) 1/3 General and 2/3 Specific. AKA Base Period. Goal: general fitness progressing to sport specific training. Laying the foundation/base to prepare for higher intensity workouts later on. Typically focused on higher volume, lower intensity. General preparatory phase should primarily include aerobic training, muscular endurance/strength for muscles that are involved in your activity and corrective exercises for muscular imbalances. Be patient, keep in Zone 1 or low intensity training for most of your workouts during this phase so that your body will have time to adapt and build a big aerobic base. The bigger the base, the higher (speed/power) you will be able to build later on. Specific preparatory phase includes progressive strength (hill training & functional strength training) and speed & power (zone 3 & 5 interval) workouts. The closer to your event, the more specific, and typically more intense, your workouts should be. 

• Competitive (2-5 mos) AKA Build Period: with pre-competition and competition (peak) phases. Goal: improving performance and preparing to peak for main competition. Pre-competition phase will include the most specific training of your ATP. Fine tuning form, technique, speed. Typically decreased volume but increased intensity. Ideal to use other, less important events to practice race/competition skills. Includes Taper cycle prior to main event. 

• Transition (up to 1 mos): Mental and physical recovery and regeneration with rest and non-specific fitness.

Mesocycles: 

• 2-5 weeks. Most common are 4 week cycles.

• Progressive overload followed by unloading/recovery weeks (ie 3 weeks progressive, 1 week recovery) . May focus on strength, endurance, speed, power, flexibility etc. 

Microcycles: 

• 7 days 

• Co-ordinate physical training with other aspects (mental, nutrition, sleep, stress management, time, rest, recovery etc). Design depends on macrocycle/phase of training plan.

GETTING STARTED:  Designing your own Annual Training Plan (ATP): 

• It all starts with a dream.  Set SMART Goals/Events and list them in order of importance A, B, or C. 

• Identify ‘Where you are Now’..using fitness testing results and identifying 'LF' (Limiting Factors) from last season.  What do you need to improve the most?  What is holding you back?

• Determine what you need to do to get to your goal. Overall fitness and skill requirements for your event & a personalized plan to address your  Limiting Factors. 

• Identify your annual schedule for phases of your ATP. 

 Using a Calendar by working backwards from your goal event. You must include weeks for Tapering then you will see how much time you have to fit in your training phases. Begin with Preparatory General or 'Base' Training (aerobic endurance and muscular endurance (Z3) stability and flexibility), then move to Preparatory Specific or 'Build' Training and add strength work (hills, high intensity resistance), finishing with speed (upper intensity zones) and power (explosive movements) as you get closer and closer to your event. Typically moving from High Volume/Low intensity to Low Volume/High Intensity shift over course of plan. **NOTE: Ultra Endurance Athletes such as Ironman athletes or Ultramarathon runners actually complete this periodization in reverse- so that they will peak with higher volume training which is specific to their event.  Include training time dedicated to your Limiting Factors all year round.

• Plan your Mesocycles (months) in each phase. 

• Break down your first month of weekly Microcycles including building and recovery weeks.

• GO! And be ready to adapt along the way as ATPs are very dynamic!

Overwhelmed? I don’t blame you! Building training plans isn’t for everyone, and you are likely best off leaving this task to the pro’s if it isn’t your passion. Coaches enjoy season planning and personally creating training plans is one of my favourite things to do so just give me a shout over at ELM if you need a hand:)

Sarah x

Key Training Principles: “Overtraining”

You have been rocking your workouts and adding extra training sessions to your week, just because you are feeling so damn great!  You almost feel invincible!  Now is the time to find out what you are capable of and push even further, harder and faster, right?

You have been doing all of your training sessions but you felt slower on your last couple of runs/rides.  Easy pace didn't feel easy and your heart rate is too high.  You couldn't get your speed up to target pace during your last couple of interval sessions.  You are training so hard but your performance is stale or getting worse.  Now is the time to push further, harder and faster, right?

You are beyond stressed out at work and home life is just as crazy right now.  You can't get to bed before midnight but you still have to get up early and do it all again tomorrow. You feel like you are burning the candle at both ends and man, now your throat is a bit sore. You missed your key workouts last week because of 'life' and exhaustion.  Now is the time to make up those workouts and push yourself to squeeze even more in, right?

Wrong!

Do any of these scenarios sound familiar to you?  If you are human and training for an event to reach your goals, then I'll bet you can relate to at least one of them, in some way.  These are all examples of straddling the fine line between Overload and Overreaching, the gateway to Overtraining.  And when you find yourself on this fine line, you are in a very serious position.  Push beyond the limits of your body's adaptive capabilities and you risk diving into the serious condition known as Overtraining.  One thing is for certain, when you cross that line and don't back off to give your body the recovery time it needs to adapt, then your body will just go ahead and do it for you. 

Overload is a good thing. Challenging our body bit by bit over weeks and months and years, is how a good training plan works. Coupled with adequate recovery, progressive overload is the way that we adapt, grow stronger and nail those PRs.  And, ultimately, adaptation is the goal of any results based training plan.  

Overreaching is different.  This is the delicate place between overload and overtraining.  Overreaching can be a very good thing or a very bad thing.  Peak weeks, breakthrough workouts and setting PR's are all examples of Overreaching. These training sessions have a high risk/reward ratio.  Respond with adequate recovery between these sessions and the rewards are massive.  Failure to adhere to an optimal recovery plan between these sessions, however, and the risk is also massive.  Cross that line and enter the land of overtraining.

Overtraining: Also referred to as staleness or overstress. Overtraining is caused by a loss in the body’s adaptive capabilities. This can occur after chronic high-volume training or ‘too much too soon’, when the work/rest ratio is not sufficient to allow for adaptation. Remember, it is not just 'training' that contributes to 'too much too soon', but the accumulation of all sources of stress in our lives.  Stress is stress in the body and too much too soon may come from home, work, illness, poor nutrition, inadequate sleep, injury etc.  Failing to create the optimal balance between total stress and recovery sets the stage for Overtraining.

Some fatigue is a normal part of every training plan and you are not going to launch into Overtraining at the first sign of mild aches pains and fatigue.  There are normal signs of fatigue following a progressive overload training session- sleepy or tired for the rest of the day or the next day after a big endurance run or ride, tired or tight after a speed or hill work session, moderate muscle soreness for 24-48 hours after a breakthrough workout at the gym.  

How do you know if you are getting close to the line? The first sign that you are straddling the line between Overload and Overtraining is an increase in the duration, intensity or frequency of these normal training symptoms.  You shouldn't be bagged or sore for a week after your hard workouts.  And your symptoms should get better, not worse as the days go on.  Additional signs that you may be pushing your body's limits include frequent illness (why am getting sick so often?), injury (why do I keep getting these injuries?), excessive fatigue (why am I always so tired?), irritability (why am I emotional?), change in sleep (why can't I sleep?  or why am I sleeping for 10 hours and still tired when I wake up?) and the big one- decreasing performance.

Once you cross the line into Overtraining land it can be a long journey home.  

True Overtraining Syndrome is a comprehensive disruption of the body's systems and can require months to rebound from. Hormonal, neurological, musculoskeletal, mental/emotional imbalances need time to return to homeostasis.  The fatigue associated with overtraining is very different than that resulting from a hard workout and the body does not bounce back from this state with days or weeks of recovery. Once overtraining status has taken hold it can take months or even years to dissipate. Symptoms of Overtraining Syndrome include:

• Inability to sleep or excessive sleep 

• Loss of energy/lethargy/apathy  

• Loss of appetite or increased appetite

• Weight loss or gain 

• Chronic muscle soreness  

• Chronic fatigue 

• Frequent illness, injury, poor healing time

• Declining performance 

• Increased resting heart rate 

• Irritability 

• Depression 

• Anxiety

Everyone experiences different warning signs that they are pushing beyond their limits- but you can be sure they are always there. Overtraining does not happen overnight. That is the good news. When we listen to our body's feedback and respond to the early signs of breakdown, we will have plenty of time to modify our stress/recovery balance. But that is the trick. We must listen and we must respond by adding more recovery time and decreasing stress, in order to support our body and to allow it to adapt and grow stronger.  

Keep a journal of your training, note how you are feeling and respond to these changes and you will stay well ahead of any risk of Overtraining.  Identify and remove any unnecessary stressors that you can control, in your life.  Check your Ego at the door, and give your body the respect it deserves- it is an amazing machine, but you must work within your limits of adaptation.  Patience, persistence AND flexibility are the keys to reaching your fitness and performance goals feeling strong, healthy and stoked!

If you want support with your training and recovery so that you can rock your goals feeling healthy and stoked this year, I'd love to help!  Check out my Online Training Plans and let me know if you have any questions:). 

Happy Trails!

Sarah x